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Hegel's Lectures on the History of Philosophy: Volume 3 (of 3)

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Title: Hegel's Lectures on the History of Philosophy: Volume 3 (of 3)

Author: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Translator: Elizabeth Sanderson Haldane
Frances H. Simson

Release date: October 26, 2018 [eBook #58169]

Language: English

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58169

Credits: Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net, with thanks to
Giovanni Fini

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEGEL'S LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY: VOLUME 3 (OF 3) ***

Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net, with thanks to
Giovanni Fini

HEGEL'S LECTURES ON THE
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

VOLUME THREE

Hegel's Lectures on

THE HISTORY OF

PHILOSOPHY

_Translated from the German by_

E. S. HALDANE
_and_
FRANCES H. SIMSON, M.A.

_In three volumes_

VOLUME THREE

[Illustration]

ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL LTD
Broadway House, 68-74 Carter Lane
London, E.C.4

_First published in England 1896
by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd
Reprinted 1955
by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd
Broadway House, 68-74 Carter Lane
London, E.C.4_

_Reprinted by lithography in Great Britain by
Jarrold and Sons Limited, Norwich_

CONTENTS

PART TWO

PHILOSOPHY OF THE MIDDLE AGES

PAGE

INTRODUCTION 1

1. The Idea of Christianity 1

2. The Fathers and Heterodoxies 10

3. Church and State 23

SECTION ONE

ARABIAN PHILOSOPHY 26

A. The Philosophy of the Medabberim 30

B. Commentators of Aristotle 34

C. Jewish Philosophers: Moses Maimonides 35

SECTION TWO

THE SCHOLASTIC PHILOSOPHY 37

A. Relationship of the Scholastic Philosophy to Christianity 45

B. General Historical Points of View 60

1. The Building up of Dogmas on Metaphysical Grounds 61
_a._ Anselm 61
_b._ Abelard 67

2. Methodical Representation of the Doctrinal System of the
Church 68
_a._ Peter Lombard 69
_b._ Thomas Aquinas 71
_c._ John Duns Scotus 72

3. Acquaintanceship with Aristotelian Writings 73
_a._ Alexander of Hales 73
_b._ Albertus Magnus 75

4. Opposition between Realism and Nominalism 77
_a._ Roscelinus 78
_b._ Walter of Mortagne 80
_c._ William Occam 82
_d._ Buridan 85

5. Formal Dialectic 86
_a._ Julian, Archbishop of Toledo 87
_b._ Paschasius Radbertus 88

6. Mystics 91
_a._ John Charlier 91
_b._ Raymundus of Sabunde 91
_c._ Roger Bacon 92
_d._ Raymundus Lullus 92

C. General Standpoint of the Scholastics 94

SECTION THREE

REVIVAL OF THE SCIENCES 108

A. Study of the Ancients 109

1. Pomponatius 111

2. Bessarion, Ficinus, Picus 112

3. Gassendi, Lipsius, Reuchlin, Helmont 112

4. Ciceronian Popular Philosophy 113

B. Certain Attempts in Philosophy 115

1. Cardanus 116

2. Campanella 119

3. Bruno 119

4. Vanini 137

5. Petrus Ramus 143

C. The Reformation 146

PART THREE

MODERN PHILOSOPHY

INTRODUCTION 157

SECTION ONE

MODERN PHILOSOPHY IN ITS FIRST STATEMENT 170

A. Bacon 170

B. Jacob Boehme 188

SECTION TWO

PERIOD OF THE THINKING UNDERSTANDING 217

CHAPTER I.-THE METAPHYSICS OF THE UNDERSTANDING 220

A. First Division 220

1. Descartes 220

2. Spinoza 252

3. Malebranche 290

B. Second Division 295

1. Locke 295

2. Hugo Grotius 313

3. Thomas Hobbes 315

4. Cudworth, Clarke, Wollaston 319

5. Puffendorf 321

6. Newton 322

C. Third Division 325

1. Leibnitz 325

2. Wolff 348

3. German Popular Philosophy 356

CHAPTER II.-TRANSITION PERIOD 360

A. Idealism and Scepticism 363

1. Berkeley 364

2. Hume 369

B. Scottish Philosophy 375

1. Thomas Reid 376

2. James Beattie 377

3. James Oswald 377

4. Dugald Stewart 378

C. French Philosophy 379

1. The Negative Aspect 388

2. The Positive Aspect 392
_a._ Materialism 393
_b._ Robinet 394

3. Idea of a Concrete Universal Unity 397
_a._ Opposition between Sensation and Thought 398
_b._ Montesquieu 399
_c._ Helvetius 400
_d._ Rousseau 400

D. The German Illumination 403

SECTION THREE

RECENT GERMAN PHILOSOPHY 409

A. Jacobi 410

B. Kant 423

C. Fichte 479

1. The First Principles of Fichte's Philosophy 481

2. Fichte's System in a Re-constituted Form 505

3. The More Important of the Followers of Fichte 506
_a._ Friedrich von Schlegel 507
_b._ Schleiermacher 508
_c._ Novalis 510
_d._ Fries, Bouterweck, Krug 510

D. Schelling 512

E. Final Result 545

INDEX 555

CORRIGENDA IN VOLS. I. AND II. 570

PART TWO

PHILOSOPHY OF THE MIDDLE AGES

INTRODUCTION

The first period embraces a space of one thousand years-from Thales, 550
B.C., to Proclus, who died 485 A.D., and until the disappearance of pagan
philosophy as an outward institution, 529 A.D. The second period extends
to the sixteenth century, and thus again embraces a thousand years, to
pass over which we must provide ourselves with seven-leagued boots. While
Philosophy has hitherto found its place in the religion of the heathen,
from this time on it has its sphere within the Christian world; for
Arabians and Jews have only to be noticed in an external and historic way.

1. Through the Neo-Platonic philosophy we have come into quite familiar
acquaintance with the Idea of Christianity, as the new religion which
has entered into the world. For the Neo-Platonic philosophy has as its
essential principle the fact that the Absolute is determined as spirit in
a concrete way, that God is not a mere conception. Although the Absolute
is Thought, it must, in order to be true, be concrete in itself and not
abstract; in what we have just seen we have, then, the first appearance
of the absolutely existent spirit. But in spite of their profound and
true speculation, the Neo-Platonists still had not proved their doctrine
that the Trinity is the truth, for there is lacking to it the form of
inward necessity. The Neo-Platonists begin from the One that determines
itself, that sets a limit to itself from which the determinate proceeds;
this, however, is itself an immediate method of presentation, and it is
this that makes such philosophers as Plotinus and Proclus so tiresome.
Undoubtedly dialectic considerations enter in, in which the opposites
which are conceived as absolute are shown to be null; but this dialectic
is not methodical, but occurs only disconnectedly. The principle of
retroversion and comprehension found with the Neo-Platonists is that
of substantiality generally, but because subjectivity is lacking, this
idea of Spirit is deficient in

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